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The starter motor nowadays is typically either a series-parallel wound direct current electric motor that has a starter solenoid, that is similar to a relay mounted on it, or it can be a permanent-magnet composition. As soon as current from the starting battery is applied to the solenoid, basically via a key-operated switch, the solenoid engages a lever which pushes out the drive pinion that is located on the driveshaft and meshes the pinion with the starter ring gear that is seen on the flywheel of the engine.
The solenoid closes the high-current contacts for the starter motor, which starts to turn. When the engine starts, the key operated switch is opened and a spring within the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear. This action causes the starter motor to stop. The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft by means of an overrunning clutch. This allows the pinion to transmit drive in only a single direction. Drive is transmitted in this particular way via the pinion to the flywheel ring gear. The pinion remains engaged, for instance as the operator fails to release the key as soon as the engine starts or if there is a short and the solenoid remains engaged. This actually causes the pinion to spin separately of its driveshaft.
This aforesaid action prevents the engine from driving the starter. This is an important step since this particular kind of back drive would allow the starter to spin very fast that it will fly apart. Unless modifications were made, the sprag clutch arrangement will stop using the starter as a generator if it was used in the hybrid scheme mentioned prior. Usually a regular starter motor is meant for intermittent utilization that will prevent it being used as a generator.
Hence, the electrical components are designed to be able to operate for more or less less than 30 seconds to prevent overheating. The overheating results from too slow dissipation of heat because of ohmic losses. The electrical parts are designed to save cost and weight. This is the reason most owner's guidebooks utilized for automobiles suggest the driver to pause for a minimum of ten seconds after each 10 or 15 seconds of cranking the engine, when trying to start an engine that does not turn over instantly.
The overrunning-clutch pinion was launched onto the marked during the early part of the 1960's. Prior to the 1960's, a Bendix drive was utilized. This drive system works on a helically cut driveshaft which has a starter drive pinion placed on it. As soon as the starter motor begins turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly allows it to ride forward on the helix, hence engaging with the ring gear. Once the engine starts, the backdrive caused from the ring gear enables the pinion to surpass the rotating speed of the starter. At this instant, the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and therefore out of mesh with the ring gear.
The development of Bendix drive was made during the 1930's with the overrunning-clutch design called the Bendix Folo-Thru drive, developed and launched during the 1960s. The Folo-Thru drive consists of a latching mechanism together with a set of flyweights in the body of the drive unit. This was better since the average Bendix drive used so as to disengage from the ring as soon as the engine fired, though it did not stay functioning.
As soon as the starter motor is engaged and starts turning, the drive unit is forced forward on the helical shaft by inertia. It then becomes latched into the engaged position. As soon as the drive unit is spun at a speed higher than what is achieved by the starter motor itself, like for instance it is backdriven by the running engine, and afterward the flyweights pull outward in a radial manner. This releases the latch and allows the overdriven drive unit to become spun out of engagement, therefore unwanted starter disengagement can be prevented previous to a successful engine start.
